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In the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar Laptop batteries to now integrate crystalline silicon solar batteries “was approaching the theoretical limit (Sanyo Electric Research and Development Division Solar Energy Research Institute, Advanced Research Department Eiji Maruyama). Solar batteries are crystalline silicon on the theoretical conversion efficiency of 29%. His biggest factor is The Gap Band intrinsic crystalline silicon. Because the wavelength of light used to generate electricity is limited, then the efficiency will be reduced. To improve efficiency, we need to adopt a new alternative to crystalline silicon materials or quantum effects, such as the absorption of new technologies to extend the reach of a breakthrough “If theoretical limit. The goal is to exceed 40%. For the new objective, the development of solar batteries are about to enter a new era.

Around 2015, so the efficiency is 25 ~ 26%

Crystalline silicon solar Dell Inspiron 1420 battery efficiency of conversion to increase the limit of the largest, at around 2015. As solar battery silicon crystal to form the amorphous silicon layer table “HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer) solar batteries,” The Exclusive manufacturer Sanyo Electric in May 2009 in the study achieved a unit of 23% conversion efficiency. The company said it was the practical size of 10cm square solar battery, a world record. According to general opinion, yield crystalline silicon solar battery conversion is about 29% of the theoretical and the maximum possible value of 25 ~ 26%, can be seen, with the largest value of the distance of only a small percentage of a few points.

Sanyo Electric Maruyama said: “The remaining increase of several percentage points of issues facing the conversion efficiency has made it clear, as the existing technology will be able to take time to develop regular achieve.” Series of specific improvements include: reducing the impact of the shadow of electrodes about 5% inhibition film and transparent VGP-BPS13/S conductive light absorption layer of amorphous silicon of about 5%, inhibit and amorphous silicon crystalline silicon default interface% recombination-induced carrier number. The maximum value of the utility of these methods can only be carried out. Before that, in order to improve the conversion efficiency was the use of these methods. If the current rate of increase, then the 2015 or so, laboratories, the conversion efficiency reaches 25 ~ 26%.

Development of a revolutionary solar battery

What is the ultimate solar batteries look like? In the NEDO “innovative research on solar energy technology and development” program, three research teams competing to come up with more than 40% conversion efficiency solar batteries form the research results (Figure 3). The three are hoping to attract the use of quantum effects, multi-junction technology and the condensing unit and use, the introduction of new materials and management technologies of light, so independent develop solar batteries with high efficiency. Whose common denominator is to fully utilize previously unavailable wavelength scale.

At the end of November, we visited Japan, some of the new energy companies, including Sharp (solar), Toyota (hybrid), the largest Tokuyama (Japan polysilicon plant), film Fuji Electric (flexible and IGBT), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Nuclear Power with CCS clean burning), the local investment community with their Japanese counterparts in an exchange, as a series of reports on the first part, we will simply list the research we gave the impression of depth on new technologies and new industry directions. Later, we will be solar cells, VGP-BPS2C battery power and other technologies to conduct a detailed analysis of these three reports, solar, Japanese companies are generally concentrated in the amorphous silicon thin-film batteries and battery, the original, one of five German polysilicon World Mountain chemistry will also be on capacity expansion in Malaysia.

Japanese companies are essentially giving in cells conventional crystalline silicon to compete with Chinese enterprises for a benefit to their thin-film battery or a high conversion rate of crystalline silicon cells; Japanese giant Sharp as a representative will be added to the enormous capacity to move the end-film VGP-BPS13/S batteries, plans to increase production in 2012 to 1200MW, its equipment is claiming that the conversion rate laminated over 10%, Showa Shell uses its own production process than the current CIS fewer cells CIGS cells lost CdS buffer layer, to prevent potential pollution by heavy metals cadmium, Fuji Electric is unique in the flexibility of cell thin film, the company plans to form a flexible film edge property that extends the field of photovoltaic materials, Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd. is the high efficiency silicon cells as crystal, the situation of the European market, Sanyo battery conversion rate and prices are far ahead of other competitors.

For EV and HEV dispute, Toyota clear-cut support of HEV, while the nickel-hydride batteries, metal and choice of lithium, they believe that the balance of nickel-metal hydride is the best choice ( point of view of Toyota), supporting the hybrid rather than pure reason is the technology of electric vehicles battery, cost, operating, several aspects of the use of metal incorporated low, Toyota is currently considered the best choice of hybrid vehicles and pure electric, but the apparent absence of indicators of the economy excellent battery option is also the case, while lithium is superior to nickel-hydride indicators Metals Technology battery, but as a tool for short-distance transport to use nickel-metal hydride hybrid battery has enough battery was not necessary.

Driven by industry is another major concern in Japan. They ask for laptops and BATBL50L6 battery LED application for the last two years the main driving force, and 2012, before and after the lighting industry, will bring a new wave of rapid growth, clean burning and Nuclear technology is central to communication with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and more production outside the Japanese fighter tank rockets, the ICM is major players in the equipment field of electricity; Mitsubishi that its models after several years of safe operation of the reactor water pressure has never been a serious accident is the greatest competitive advantage, the hand, not too much emphasis on the technical details of the differences between Europe and the America; clean combustion and CCS is a Mitsubishi thinks they have the core competitiveness of segments, rather than IGCC (coal) or CCTG (gas) can get a better combination of greenhouse emissions.

Lead acid battery scrap the reasons can be divided into three types:

One is due to the recurring situation of water shortage in the overload or excessive shock caused by serious. Such as day and night driving a taxi, its batteries often without water also works on their float lead generators, causing fever Dell Inspiron 1300 battery short-circuit plate scrap battery bending cases of overcharging, the electrolyte is temperature, and the serious, such as boiling, like rolling up and down the electrolyte washed the plate, the powder will decrease with time, and pay the higher accumulation of lead powder, contour to the touch when you put the plate lead short-circuited, so that debris from the battery. Sulfuric acid solution with the traditional lead-acid batteries in vehicles in the process of its solution continuously washed plates, but also likely to cause plaque limed off, this is not a way to repair the end of battery life, the taxi on the scrap batteries are more than 90% can not repair.

The second battery is inferior product, refurbished battery, do not follow national standards developed by brand name batteries. The electrode of the battery and the solution are extremely bad in itself, let alone the quality of the new time will give more power, but it can not last long, it can be saved by scrapping.

The third situation is completely sealed lead acid VGP-BPL11 battery, this battery isolation sandwiched between two electrode plates, such as wool felt and others who are full absorption of electrolytes. The battery is not affected by the effects of plaque reduction, which scrapped the reason is that most part of the cards often “irreversible cure” phenomenon caused by the panel that produced crystals of sulphate White lead to the plate The effective area smaller and smaller, so that smaller and smaller battery capacity, meaning that the original charge of a battery can run 40 km bike, and not later work only 20 km, the last 1 km is also Pao Bule, just discarded.

To lead plates of the battery acid crystals produced PBS reasons are manifold, the longest is to see a long-term investment without the battery, such as car manufacturers begin shipping the long-term n ‘ have not sold a car parked in the garage, time for a long time, and sell Dabu Zhao fire when the car battery wrong, because the board has a very large surface to generate crystals of PBS. If the owner of the private car of a long business trip abroad, they will find car Dabu Zhao responded, he did not budge. Another example is a serious over-discharge, but it will also lead plates of the battery acid produces large surface crystals of lead sulfide have been rejected as forgetting to turn off the lights, open all night on the motorcycle battery is fatal. Anatomical These are all sealed lead-acid VGP-BPS13/S batteries, you can see a crystal of sulphate of lead white plates have two interrelated, pull Abdullah not open at that time, both originals volts per cell (12-volt battery is composed of six cells in series) is now close to zero volts.

No matter if it is sealed or unsealed batteries, those who have been rejected for the reasons above, and be able to recover. The pulse of modern technology allows this “irreversible cure” phenomenon a reversible phenomenon. The author in 1999 made such a device, made many years of trials, the effects were very good, the anatomy has been repaired Fully sealed lead acid batteries, you can see a board very white crystals of lead sulfate have virtually disappeared, repair before the VGP-BPS10A/B battery voltage has recovered to nearly normal voltage zero-volt battery, this time dependent and discharge according to the conventional approach to its charge and discharge, and found that its capacity has been restored to 90% or over 100%.

According to U.S. sources, however, using this pulse technique for the repair of batteries, their useful life can be prolonged by more than five times, I have not had this experience and the quality of our internal battery failing this, but I would like to formally Plant production of batteries for electric bicycles, repairs will double its life expectancy is increased.

To prolong the life of lead acid batteries in 1999, I also developed a passive protection device, which is connected to both ends of the stack by stack electronics, it is low power. Since each crystal before it is cited as a core because it does not it also can not form crystals. The principle of electronic products is to use the pulse continuously added to the same committee, so it can not form nuclei, which can produce crystals of sulphate of lead white, speak a simple language can be considered the pulse of continuous washing of the plates so that the battery can be given sufficient power. Use of this protector of the owners feel they have enough power. In the north, due to the cold in the morning cars are often Dabu fire Zhao, whether such protective devices used, can be avoided outside of this evil.

To reduce the hardening of the battery to extend battery life, we must first improve the working conditions of electric bicycles. Reduction of body weight, getting rid of unnecessary decoration pieces, the appropriate speed limits, does not weigh very long when you do not use electric bikes to add to the burden is better able to recharge after each discharge and not under-voltage protection and to guard against VGP-BPS8B battery over-discharge protection for a minimum of 24 V rated voltage must be located at 21.5V ~ 22V, 36V nominal protection to a minimum voltage must be selected 32.5V ± 0 , 5 V for a nominal 48V to be located at 44V ~ 45V. The tension on the renewal of such a line capacity is only reduced by less than 2 km, but it may actually prolong the life of the battery. Every three months on a regular basis and not the professional maintenance of cells in repair and recovery in time. The method is simple, the economic cost is very low, but there is some difficulty in complying strictly. Thus, you can use specialized equipment for maintenance of desulfurization, these methods are:

1. The use of office equipment desulphurization fast

Desktop rapid desulfurization devices works is a high voltage, high pulse load current through the elimination of a negative amount of sulphide block wear. This method is fast, fast, get a temporary suppression of the effect of the treatment, but the high voltage high current can blow desulfurization may also reflect the active substances, including the elimination of lead sulfide in the positive plate to severe dehydration and softening problems, fatal damage to the VGP-BPS8A battery through the equipment in more than two sulfur base will be discarded after the battery. In addition, the current point for an addition to the professional maintenance of the basic fee of sulfur in 60 to 80 hours, up to six months, the life of the battery and is not the User substantial economic benefits. Currently, the battery on the market to maintain professional traders must understand the dangers of this approach. As a result, became the desulphurisation equipment discharge pulse, in effect, a fundamental principle has not changed is only the constant current in high voltage transients Hengda peak pressure, or will it damage the electrode active material, used friends of these products must be very clear on this point.

2. Options for desulfurization Chargers

In addition to battery charger sulfur is currently available in three works, one of which is similar to office equipment desulphurization fast mode of operation, using high voltage high current pulse load, blocking the desulfurization wear negative above indicated that this method of battery life would be a mortal wound, was refused by the market. The second is used fast pulse edge of the charge and discharge pulses, the use of peak instantaneous interfering with the collection process of vulcanization of the battery. The other is cyclical, with 10% to 20% over-charging method, to restore the battery to lead sulfate crystals. Both chargers can be added when the sulfur in the feed, but it will result in less load, or overload, but also ignored the procedure for discharge of the  VGP-BPS8 battery is the fact that most process drying, if the result is not satisfactory, the majority of users The charger is equipped with electric cars would leave after such a duplication of investment in desulphurization methods.

3. Use the online lead-acid battery extended life support

On the online extension of life support-type lead-acid batteries and battery in parallel, can be 24 hours to prevent and eliminate sulphides. This method is slower restoration, repair time is quite long, often more than 120 hours, but both charges discharge process is also capable of preventing and eliminating the healing, repair works. Because low voltage and low voltage, prolonged life support does not exert a strong impact on the battery plates which leads to dehydration and mitigation, which is a user input can be validated at the track maintenance , especially for the quality of the new battery can extend the battery life of 2 to 5 times, and entry may be accompanied by an electric motor, the next time to replace the battery, extending the life support can also continue to be used for users to save considerable economic costs. If a user once a year to replace the battery, a battery 280, the user 10, spent 2800 yuan should replace the battery on the conservative calculation, if you use extended life support twice the length of battery life of 10 years, can also save about half of the battery is charging.

To adopt this approach very significant. Firstly, the user has brought tangible economic benefits, reducing the user of trouble. Second, it enhances the reputation of the warehouse, provided that the conditions for expansion of production. Thirdly, to solve the battery electric vehicle warranty dealer is very hard to reduce complaints, improve credibility and increase the point advantage at the same time, in-store sales also increased to promote programs of commercial marketing. Fourthly, we can greatly reduce the demands of the VGP-BPS13/S battery manufacturer for the reasons. Fifth, improve the image of electric bikes, electric bikes to expand the overall market development. Sixth, improving battery usage, there are environmental.