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Supporting the infrastructure of modern society must be based on a very high operational reliability. Internet and telecommunications switching center server farms to ensure nearly 100% of the sentence, without run-time “or availability of the system, they rely primarily on a very mature technology – lead-acid batteries , while the center of data storage used in high technology. Typically, these key nodes, and many other important areas are equipped with standby power, the supply of electricity in standby mode is usually the inverter top-level inverter pairs of VRLA (VRLA) battery or a similar benefit, sealed gel cell battery assembly section of energy conversion. ThinkPad T43 battery ThinkPad T60 battery

The reason why traditional techniques are widely used, there are many reasons, including lead-acid batteries affordable, but also with exceptional reliability. But while Great but not perfect. VRLA battery life is limited (generally 12 years of life from conception), often mission-critical systems using the battery as a source of backup power, but changed regularly. Failure may indeed occur. In a typical standby power, the role of the battery as its name – they still maintain a fully charged state to await the primary power failure. And when fully responsible for the prosecution small current through the float “charge to keep. If the float current is below a ceiling, then the battery in the gas produced by electrolysis will be re-chemical combination. In this case, a single voltage battery float is slightly higher than the standard value of 2.27 V, may also damage the battery. A little more tension will cause precipitation of the electrolyte capacity of more recombination more gas, these gases are not handled by the overflow valve. If the battery temperature is too high, even if the charging voltage is appropriate, can lead to loss of electrolytes. XPS M1330 battery XPS M1530 battery

Other methods of early termination of sulfation, columns and very bad network connection, the connection plate to the network and evil, the stratification of electrolyte and a grid to accelerate corrosion. There is still another, if a failure mode low, but catastrophic – thermal runaway, which is peculiar to VRLA gel batteries, and a failure mode can lead to catching fire. The only way to avoid thermal runaway is to control the internal temperature of the battery.

Simply monitoring the battery voltage on the detection of lead-acid battery capacity decline in the role is very limited, it has been recognized in the industry. When the battery performance diminishes, it is usually presented is that the nominal voltage, until the release of large currents can only apparent, but when its capacity has been considerably reduced voltage drop prematurely. By measuring the proportion of electrolyte to determine the condition of the battery accurately, the method of the VRLA or sealed gel batteries do not apply; routine battery of tests used in the only way is to discharge the battery to a state controlled the next, but this approach need to stop using the battery. In addition, the depth of discharge also reduces the battery life of lead-acid; in on a regular basis to conduct its test of the backup battery discharge, and its principal power with high reliability of the system, most programs use this test to determine the battery life. XPS M1730 battery XPS M2010 battery

Recently, continuous monitoring may be a non-interference electronic method of detecting a single cell near the failed state, this method can not only save costs, while maintaining overall system availability. The predecessor of these systems is usually measured cell or battery (battery industry term meaning that the shell in the same package multiple battery) voltage – despite its limitations is well known – with charge / discharge current and temperature ambient. Some systems attempt to guess the extent or strength of the internal battery, its effectiveness varies.

LEM Sentinel system is dependent on basic parameters of a simple analog measurement of change leading product has now become the first of three generations of the Sentinel III. It is tailored in a single chip SoC (System on Chip) IC on the integration of analog and digital technologies. The device configured in a measured terminal voltage, the temperature of the internal battery and internal resistance of the module, can provide accurate measurement results for the cost of new in most of the configuration of the backup system can afford in the budget system is the design of a key. Studio 1536 battery Studio 1537 battery

Battery temperature and / or exponential growth, the value of internal impedance (Figure 1), which are close to the failure of instructions, data recording system to monitor trends in data over time to identify possible approaches fail. All modules are configured Sentinel III with a probe for measuring the outside temperature or the patch can be bound directly to a single cell or battery casing to accurately monitor the battery temperature as much as possible.

Exponential curve means that the failure difficult to detect early, but the last part of the performance degradation very quickly.

 The battery is used or is being loaded, you can use a mature technology assessment of the internal impedance. Typically, the float voltage superimposed DC measuring low AC voltage and AC current at that time, and then measure the results of the projection of the internal impedance, the methods of specific implementation are different. However, this method has limitations, it can not cope with a form of the exponential curve. And expiring at the failure process of a single cell in the data recorder of their failure to recognize the trends appeared in good condition, on the contrary, the problems of failure, the battery may be short term be completely ineffective. Studio 1555 battery Studio 15 battery

LEM has developed a more sophisticated algorithm, which can be detected as early as possible is a single cell performance decay. The result is a methods test very reliable, it can completely penetrate the energy of a single layer of cells to ensure maximum reliability. It is commonly called the Randles equivalent circuit, based on the performance of the electrochemical cell from the electrical components of a network circuit, each electrical component consisting of a single cell of an associated physical factors.

Figure 3 shows the battery life of different parameters in one period of the smooth curve. The same features or capabilities during the discharge period of falling has also been confirmed. All the impedance of the equivalent circuit of factors are to follow curves similar fall in the early stages of failure or capacity, no significant change. If the impedance state to a single main 338794-001 361742-001 battery indicator, it will not provide meaningful guidance, unless the volume down more than 25-30%. Because the industry standard is to replace the provisions of the performance has fallen below 80% of cell performance, it is clear that the importance of early identification of possible failure.

However, in the Randles equivalent circuit, there is a parameter in a single battery failure (except for a simple metal corrosion, the parameters of this mode of failure by increasing Rm forthcoming) will start to change, ie CDL-in, double-layer capacitance. Figure 3 below Natiao curves of their properties; In addition, the stage performance in the ordinary course of normal cells, and the assumption that power is fully charged batteries failed, its curved shape is similar Cdl. Studio 17 battery Studio 1735 battery

With the cell phone technology, the mobile phone battery was a “regime change”. In the first NiCd and NiMH Li-ion battery, and then Li-ion polymer batteries. Greater energy density, smaller size, greater life expectancy of mobile phone batteries strong support for the development of mobile phone. The mobile phone battery following are the key technologies and important parameters to make a brief review. IBM ThinkPad R52 battery IBM ThinkPad T40 battery

Batteries mobile phone technology

The battery technology application to a large extent by decisions based electric technology development. With the continuous development of technology, batteries, NiCd and NiMH batteries gradually decreased at the same time, Li-ion battery production has risen steadily, and the Li-ion polymer batteries have started to occupy a certain market share.

In general, batteries have two electrodes anode and cathode. Anode to release electrons and produce a lot of holes, the polarity is positive accumulation of cathode electronics, the polarity is negative. Pricing, the current in-house flow of the anode cathode discharge to the contrary, the current outside the cathode to the anode, the power load. Parameters common battery performance are defined as follows: If a battery is fully charged after the discharge capacity after an hour the whole space, then the current rate of 1C; to recharge a battery or batteries pieces full of tension ( 4.2 V for example), then through the discharge power is empty (eg, 3.0 V) is called a charge-discharge cycles, when the battery capacity to maintain a valid value (like amount of charge up to 80%), the battery charge and discharge cycles can increase the number of known life cycle of the battery. Dell Inspiron 1300 battery  Dell Inspiron 1420 battery

1. NiCd and NiMH batteries

NiCd batteries use cadmium as the anode, the cathode NiOOH. NiCd batteries have a life cycle longer, better temperature characteristics and high density of the battery. As a battery faster, Cd pollution material is relatively heavy environmental and density of the battery must be further enhanced, while NiCd battery is difficult to increase the capacity and will be disposed of market applications.

NiMH batteries using MH as the anode, cathode and NiOOH. NiMH battery is charged and the discharge characteristics, and cell density than nickel-cadmium batteries has increased by 30%, and are more environmentally friendly. NiMH better safety performance in itself, it was anti-overload protection and self-discharge capacity of healing, compared to Li-ion batteries, it does not require additional protection circuit and board containing PCBs. NiMH batteries have many advantages, but in the charging efficiency, battery and the density of leakage current of these areas need further improvement. 338794-001 361742-001

2. Li-ion batteries

Li-ion batteries using carbon or graphite as the anode and the metal oxides or Co / Ni / Mn cathode, organic, or an electrolyte solution to polypropylene as insulation. As the material, Li-Ion batteries must be placed under some form of cans solid, if pressure is good, and the shape is fixed.

Li-ion batteries provide 3.6V operating voltage is generally more stable performance. Its power density is very high self-discharge of the leakage current is small, large capacity and a small external. In addition, Li-ion batteries, long battery life, typically more than 400 cycles of loading and unloading, and the life cycle of work and stable performance. Figure 1 show the different life cycle of the Li-ion battery under the 1C discharge voltage and the curve of time. VGP-BPS5 VGP-BPS9A

When the Li-ion batteries in cell controlled by the field of traditional chemistry, in improving the energy density at the same time, the design of the battery and the chemical change also makes the key parameters of the battery can be improved. Li-ion battery has been applied in many system designs, it may be well positioned to meet the energy needs of the system.

Of course, Li-ion batteries is volatile and flammable material composition, and therefore the design of the battery, safety is an important criterion.

3. Li-ion polymer battery cells

Li-ion polymer batteries batteries batteries with Li-ion battery similar to the use of carbon as the anode, metal oxides as cathode, gel electrolyte membrane using the gel as an insulator. Li-ion polymer batteries have greater capacity and higher energy density. With the Li-ion batteries similar to its self-discharge of the leakage current is low. However, Li-ion polymer battery of stability is not good, so it needs to operate more stringent. A1060 M8403

Li-ion polymer battery technology to significantly improve the energy density of battery life, temperature and duration of conservation, energy efficiency of the battery is very high. Appearance, Li-ion polymer batteries using plastic containers, compared to Li-ion battery shell metal has a definite advantage, but the Li-ion polymer batteries are also easy to force expansion, so the production of materials, flexibility of error for a strict control. From a security standpoint, Li-ion polymer batteries and battery fever electrolyte leakage problem has been a real headache. Because Li-ion polymer battery is easy to develop, its reliability needs further improvement.

In short, there are many manufacturers in the continually improving Li polymer battery technology, and supply-ion batteries with the same service prices. However, the stability of the polymer has not been verified, but also be further improved and developed.

Even if the battery is environmentally friendly, do not throw anything

And many people do not realize is that the family of waste generated in daily life nickel-cadmium batteries and cell mercuric oxide and electronic waste, etc., of June 6, 2008 for more inclusive in the national list of hazardous waste “of.

An industry source in recent years the state to solve the pollution problem of used batteries, and make the source of cells for “mercury free”. Nine ministries and commissions under the December 31, 1997 jointly published a “product of the limited hp 338794-001 battery on the mercury rule” requiring that companies since January 1, 2002, the ban on domestic production of mercury batteries is higher 0.025% by weight of the battery, self – January 1, 2006, the ban on domestic distribution of mercury is greater than the weight of the battery of 0.0001% of the alkaline zinc-manganese batteries. Under current conditions of treatment are not very good conditions, a focus on environmental risks.

Tian Guirong also heard this news, she said, protecting the environment, the battery is not a problem, but in some places in southern Henan, which flows into the battery, only a few cents of each section so that the battery that can guarantee its security. Moreover, even if the IBM ThinkPad R50 battery is environmentally friendly, it is the whole body is a treasure, copper, zinc, leather, lead, recycling cans and garbage on the same cast in vain, that is not damage?

Background

Lead-acid battery is the most dangerous

According to the department of environmental protection-ie, the state offers three types of batteries must be recycled hazardous waste, namely lead from car battery acid car batteries, electric – button batteries and nickel-old cell phone, cadmium batteries.

According to experts, car battery, batteries for electric vehicles, lead acid batteries contain lead and sulfuric acid because it is the garbage dump, one of the most dangerous.

The data show that the lead acid battery electric bicycle is consumables, branded batteries for a year to be replaced two years.

“Aucma electric car service maintenance sales, trade toshiba PA3191U-3BRS battery in 330 yuan, if the direct purchase, it is necessary to 490 yuan.” Just here for the very fact that the batteries of electric vehicles, said, maintenance staff, said the batteries must be Depot, Depot Lane, following the lead acid battery to create a new battery.

The reporter again visited Zhengzhou several store brand repair, maintenance staff and the fact that the situation say about.

However, according to an informed source language, there are many streams of battery electric vehicles to the lifeboat station, where they are drained acid batteries in the position, then remove thecbattery inside the metal lead sale. Has been emptied of acid inside containing zinc, manganese, cadmium and other heavy metals, which contain harmful heavy metals, acid directly into sewers, then infiltrated into the groundwater, the consequences are frightening .

Proposed

As soon as possible to establish a comprehensive network of recycling

Some media reports, the expert of recycling waste in the use of renewable resources in Jiangsu Whampoa Limited, Chairman of the cursor Chen said that at present most domestic firms lack the capacity deal effectively with lead acid batteries can be discarded as garbage. While the electric bicycle is in use produces no pollution from exhaust gases, but the batteries that pollution caused by automobile exhaust is not much smaller.

The Tian Guirong, the lack of recovery of the apple A1008 battery capacity, not because no technology is the key to profit is too low, no one is willing to do.

According to its introduction in developed countries, approximately 50% of used batteries must be recycled through the creation of new social values. As the treatment of battery recycling industry protecting the environment, many national governments have to have subsidies, as in Switzerland and Japan, each dealing with a ton of waste batteries, a grant from corporate governance of waste battery, about RMB 5000. In the United States, if the user is not used to return the battery manufacturers, retailers or wholesalers, each bought a new battery will need to pay 3-5 dollars. Therefore, the United States, nearly 100% recovery of batteries.

China’s current policy of fighting against pollution featuring “polluter pays”, the call Guirong Tian: China should increase the variety of efforts to recycle batteries rectification and regulation of the market as soon as possible to establish a network Complete Recycling.