HP Laptop Battery Super Blog Here

1 Introduction

The accurate measurement of battery capacity remaining in the development of electric vehicles has been a key issue. An effective management improves battery life of the battery. Therefore, accurate estimates of SOC of the battery electric vehicle batteries become a central issue of management systems for energy. If you can correctly estimate the SOC of the battery, the battery can provide a reasonable use of power, extend battery life. Dell Inspiron Mini 12 battery Dell Inspiron mini 9 battery

Bus program through networking, bus application site to complete the exchange of data between different nodes. In the scenario distributed controller more energy than the ECU main control is through the fieldbus and the number of sub-ECU communications. During their work, communication of each sub-controller module to interrupt or timer mode running in the background work to complete the transceiver data, recording the main flow of resources expenditure.

Battery SOC value is sent to the controller via the CAN bus controller and more energy, while the mode of operation of the vehicle ECU controller is more energy through all the information gathered by an algorithm to determine the logic. Once these parameters, we can then decide whether to start the engine or turn off the engine, you can decide which engine to work in the state. For example, when the value of the battery SOC to 50% and 70%, and this time, more energy controller is considered the mode of operation of the vehicle is in the initial model, this means that the current system of electrical energy sufficient, do not open the engine and motor can be driven approach to work. Dell Vostro A840 battery Dell Vostro A860 battery

2 system hardware

As shown, the battery monitor and other external inspection of vehicles to communicate via the CAN bus. A battery management ECU (electronic control unit) and four sensing information on the battery ECU, we use the individual cells are grouped into 24 battery packs. Our battery every six months to set up a unit of measurement, increasing the total battery ECU1 ~ ECU4. 4 batteries and battery ECU ECU group to form a CAN-bus network, a CAN controller and the battery ECU system internal battery management system composed of CAN, a CAN controller and other components of the vehicle control system the network of other vehicles CAN bus fiber.

As shown ECU battery, micro-controller integrated P87C591 microcontroller, which integrates the internal controller of CAN hardware and A / D module analog-digital conversion. Each battery ECU 6 of battery management to perform the function for measuring the battery voltage and temperature information of six, will collect information sent via the CAN bus to the battery management ECU. 6 Way battery voltage through the conditioning circuit voltage were followed to 6 lanes P87C591 the A / D. 6-channel temperature sensor signal lines connected to the port IO P87C591 the same way. acer btp-42c1 acer travelmate 290 battery

3 Design interface chip CAN

In this design, as used P87C591 microcontroller. Who, with a circuit P87C591 CAN interface driver chip of Figure 4. Mainly by the P87C591, optical isolation circuit, driver and three other pieces can. Optical isolation circuit: In order to further suppress interference, CAN bus interface is often used in the optical isolation circuit, optical isolators are usually located between the CAN controller and transceiver.

Total system program, including procedures for initialization and main loop, the diagram cons:

Electrical system first, then the ADC and the timer is initialized, the system waiting for an interrupt, if interrupts, the interrupt type to judge if the controller interrupt controller SJA1000 SJA1000 , reading the data and the release of the buffer, the return operation End of interruption, if it is 50ms cycle timer interrupt, voltage, current data of AD conversion value calculated SOC data sent by CAN, the complete operation of return interrupt.

4 Conclusion

The data communication based on CAN bus technology with high reliability, real-time and flexibility. CAN Bus in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Ni-MH management system has broad application prospects and development. apple macbook 15 inch unibody battery apple macbook air 13 inch battery

2. Hardware

In fact, in order to apply the principles of the hysteresis actual battery system, but also consider the question of a reference voltage. Reference voltage UREF not change or the threshold voltage up and down will change. And the reference voltage is generated by the voltage of the battery, it should be much lower than the voltage of the battery and low energy consumption. Dell Inspiron 1720 battery Dell Latitude D620 battery

Specific hardware circuit, reference voltage of shunt regulator LM285Z product 2.5, which requires only 10μA of the minimum, can be output by the current stable reference voltage 2.5V, which can significantly reduce energy consumption battery in the state lockout, low voltage. ST TS393I compare selected companies, it is a comparison of micro-hydro, so that any partial pressure of resistance can choose a great addition to reducing power consumption. Comparison of production control P-channel MOSFET, VT3 connects or disconnect the load. When the battery voltage drops to a certain extent VT2 off, making the composition of the protection by the comparator circuit and the battery is disconnected, the battery is greatly reduced energy consumption, the battery is a kind similar to the natural discharge of the state, where the recovery time of battery voltage, VT2 natural circuit protection conduction to resume work.

3 Parameter calculations

We 9V battery as an example to calculate the parameters.

Step 1: fixed according to the characteristics of the battery voltage threshold UTHH = 7.8V = 6V and UTHL. Dell Vostro 1000 battery Dell Studio 1555 battery

Step 2: To ensure that when the battery voltage reaches the low voltage lockout control of partial pressure of 2.5 LM285Z can still work, they must ensure LM285Z 2.5 on the elite present, but also shunt regulator separate the current to the resistance network with others, leaving twice the margin, so that the real must ensure Iref> 20μA, which can be obtained R6 = 175kΩ, take R6 = 125kΩ.

Step 3: As the battery voltage exceeds the reference voltage, the battery voltage by R4 and R5 should divider network formed after the partial pressure of the reference voltage divider with a benchmark for comparison. Set = 1.25 V UL (UL Uref take half the size, in order to R1, R2, R3 resistance is relatively close, of course, can choose a value other than Uref), then R4 and R5 ratio partial pressure Q = UL / UTHL, you can Q = R4 / (R4 + R5) R4 and R5 calculated the ratio, but can also be UH = Q = 4.625V × UTHH. Dell Vostro 1710 battery Dell Latitude D510 battery

Step 4: Let R1 = 9lkΩ, according to equation (4) can be obtained by R2 = 91kΩ.

Step 5: According to equation (3) to calculate R3 = 78kΩ.

When the battery voltage below 5V, VT2 was disconnected, the resistance is essentially the sum of the resistance of 385kΩ energy consumption of battery discharge current is only 10μA or more.

The Series 6 1.2V Ni-MH, the use of the above parameters for the test. After the battery is completely discharged when the voltage is less than 6V the UTHL, the load is disconnected, the battery voltage rises quickly to about 7.4V, but does not meet 7.8V UTHH with the load disconnected, then no oscillation circuit. dell inspiron 9400 battery dell inspiron b120 battery

4 Conclusion

This simple circuit protection system of the battery, the use of hoses. Just select a higher voltage comparators, voltage can be applied to any level of the circuit, just change the resistor value can be set anywhere turn around and the threshold Judgement, which may have a wide safety margin. In addition, during the battery protection through the use of all chips ultra-low power consumption and greater resistance value, the power consumption of so little. When the battery voltage is reduced further, the system automatically disconnects the protected circuit, the battery is natural in a similar state of discharge, the discharge current of only a few microamps. dell inspiron 9200 battery dell inspiron 9300 battery

Introduction

To ensure that the equipment unattended (such as absenteeism, etc.), even after the start, often to join the battery as backup power. In the grid after the beginning of the power equipment of the battery. At this point, you must set the battery protection circuit discharge. The simplest protection is to establish a protection threshold battery voltage when the battery voltage to this threshold, the automatic disconnection of the circuit, stops feeding the load. However, the load is disconnected, the voltage across the battery to rise rapidly above the threshold voltage, circuit re-open so that the battery was the power load, then repeat the “One Off One Off a look at “oscillation process, until the battery is completely discharged. This is the battery life will be a great influence, even damage the battery. Therefore, we must develop a function with a hysteresis circuit automatic protection. Dell Inspiron 1501 battery Dell Inspiron 9300 battery

Currently on the market a few chips ready-made battery protection can be used, but these chips typically used in lithium battery voltage level of protection and more focused around 5V. In some applications of high-voltage battery, for example, 10V to 50V supply system can be applied. This article provides a simple and effective hysteresis area with battery protection circuit, set the two threshold voltages, to avoid oscillations, but also because these two thresholds can be set to any resistance, it can be applied to hundreds of volts battery system.

1 Principle of Protection

Assume that the battery voltage Ubat, the only system to establish a teaching hospital voltage protection threshold. Then, when the battery voltage is lower than the UHC, the output of low comparator circuit, the load is disconnected. However, the removal of the load, the voltage across the battery quickly grew to more than UHC, the comparator output is still high, the load must be access to the training of the oscillation. Dell Inspiron Mini 10 battery Dell XPS M1210 battery

However, if the circuit is located in the comparison of two threshold voltages: UTHH and UTHL (UTHH> UTHL), you can create a zone of hysteresis. When the battery voltage is increased from low to UTHH, the comparator output is high, open the electronic switch, power to the load when the battery voltage down to UTHL, the comparator output low, disconnecting the load. Although this time the battery voltage to rise rapidly over UTHL, but fail to UTHH, therefore, the comparator output is still low, the load is disconnected until the battery is charged, the voltage can be increased to more than UTHH new connected load. This avoids the oscillation circuit to protect the load and battery. Dell Inspiron B130 battery Dell Latitude D820 battery

Although the vast majority of comparison circuits both with hysteresis, but most often within the circuit voltage hysteresis hysteresis (ie a UTHH UTHL) than 5mV to 10mV, simply can not be used to protect over discharge. Figure 2 (a) the use of feedback comparator circuit output voltage adjusts automatically from the reference value, the input voltage at different time intervals were compared and the threshold voltage conversion UTHH UTHL between the two. Figure 2 (b) shows the output when the input signal changes in response to the use of the comparator output signal to drive the electronic switch, where production is high, the battery is access systems, where the output is low, the load is disconnected. dell inspiron e1505 battery dell inspiron e1705 battery

Since then, even if the battery voltage is below UTHH, but as always more than UTHL, the battery has been at the output state after the voltage UTHL, production is low, the load is disconnected. Meanwhile, in a threshold VT, the threshold voltage re-translated into UTHH, although the removal of the load to increase the voltage of the battery terminal, but still below UTHH, the burden will not be returned. This effectively protects the battery, extended battery life. dell inspiron b130 battery dell inspiron e1405 battery

Lithium-ion / Li-polymer

NiCd and NiMH similar as possible before the test of fast charging lithium-ion battery and adjust. Validation and processing methods and the methods used are similar. Dell Inspiron 1300 Screen Dell Inspiron 1420 Screen

As indicated, after checking and preview with lithium 1C or less common ion rechargeable batteries until the voltage of the battery reaches its limit at this time. The charge phase is usually added up to 70% of battery capacity. And then, usually with a constant voltage of 4.2V, the battery charge. For the safety and capacity of the battery, the charging voltage must be stable for at least 1%. During this charge, the battery current gradually pulls down. The expense ratio 1C, once the current levels up to 10-15% of the initial charge are ended normally pays less.

Switch mode and linear charging topology comparison

Traditionally, computers using the linear charging topology. This method has many advantages: low cost of implementation, simplicity of design, not high-frequency switching operation without noise. However, the linear topology will increase the energy system, especially when the battery capacity due to charge a rate of increase in time. If designers can not manage the design of heat, and it will be a major drawback. Dell Inspiron 15 Screen Dell Inspiron 1501 Screen

When the PC’s USB port as a source of energy, there are other drawbacks. In many of today’s portable design has a USB charging options, and can provide up to 500 mA charge rate. The linear solution, given its low efficiency, can be transmitted from the PC USB “power” the amount was greatly reduced, leading to the charging time is too long.

This is the mode switch topologies have their reasons uses. topology switching of the main advantages of efficiency. And different linear regulator switch (or switch) to run in the saturation region, which significantly reduces the overall loss. power losses include Buck converter switching losses (in the power switch) and the filter inductor in the DC loss. According to the different design parameters, the effectiveness of these applications, it is much higher than 95% of cases is not surprising. Dell Inspiron 1520 Screen Dell Inspiron 1521 Screen

When people hear the term switch mode most people think of when large IC inductor PowerFET a large and very large! Indeed, although the processing of applications, hundreds of amps of current is indeed the case, but the next generation solution for mobile devices Run the program is not the case. A new generation of lithium-ion battery charger switch mode with the highest level of chip integration, the use of frequencies above 1 MHz to minimize the inductor size. Figure 1 illustrates the market today began selling these solutions. The silicon chip the size of less than 4 mm2, its integrated high-side and low side PowerFET. Following the 3MHz switching frequency, the solution requires a small inductor 1UH, its size only: 2mm x 2.5mm x 1.2mm (LxWxH). Dell Studio 1436 battery Dell Studio 1535 battery

Charger options

Battery Charger tool allows designers to select the correct charger for the process easier.

About author

Director responsible Masoud Beheshti battery current management of IT. His power and battery management in the design, product definition, strategic marketing and business management for over 19 years. Masoud is a graduate of Ryerson University (Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada), Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, and later graduated from Southern Methodist University (Dallas) has received MBA Finance and Marketing. Dell Studio 17 battery Dell Studio 1435 battery

Introduction

Portable electronic equipment designers can choose a variety of chemical technology, management solutions topology charger and load. Choose the most appropriate solution should be a simple task, but in most cases, this process is very complicated. Designers need performance, cost, size and other requirements key to find the best balance. This paper presents the general design and system engineers to provide advice and help to make life easier for the selection. HT14X11 HT14X12 HT14X19

At 3 “C” from achieving control burden

Use rechargeable batteries for all system designers must make clear some basic design techniques to ensure it meets the three key requirements:

1, the battery safety: There is no doubt the security of the end user is the top priority in all considerations of system design. Most lithium-ion (Li-Ion) and lithium-polymer (Li-Pol) batteries contain an electronic circuit protection. However, there are a number of critical design factors to consider. Including but not limited to, the lithium-ion battery to ensure that the final stage of the regulator during the  1% tolerance, handling of the depth of battery discharge pretreatment the safety timer and temperature monitoring of the battery. HSD101PFW2 LP089WS1 LP140WX1

2, the capacity of the battery: charge the battery every solution must ensure that each cycle and each load can recharge the battery at full capacity of the state. Causes premature termination of charging the operating life of the battery, which is high power portable devices today do not want.

3, the battery life: charging procedures recommended algorithm is to ensure that end-users to complete each cycle battery, a milestone. Using the battery temperature and charge voltage limit each time, pretreatment and avoid deep discharge battery charge termination too late or normal is needed to maximize the autonomy of certain measures. LP141WX1 LP141WX3

The choice of battery chemistry

Now available in a variety of systems designers to choose the battery chemistry. Design is usually based on some of the following standard options for batteries, including:

• Energy density

• The characteristics and dimensions

• Cost

• use patterns and life

In recent years, despite the use of lithium ion and lithium-polymer growing trend, but the chemistry of the Ni is still a lot of consumer applications is a good option. LP141X10 LP141X12

Whatever type of battery chemistry, chemical technology followed each correct battery charge management technologies are essential. These technologies will ensure that each battery charge cycle can be completed at full capacity without compromising safety or shorten battery life.

NiCd / NiMH

Before the start of a cycle of charge and fast charge as much as possible before the commencement of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries must be tested and adjusted. If the battery voltage or temperature exceeds the allowable limit is not allowed for fast loading. For security reasons, all “hot” battery (usually above 45 C) workload will be suspended until the battery to cool to normal operating temperature will run again. To cope with a “cold” battery (generally less than 10 C) or over-discharge of batteries (each battery is typically less than 1V), the need to carry a net current moderate. Dell Studio 1555 battery Dell Studio 1735 battery

When the battery temperature and voltage of the load properly when the quick start. Usually 1C or less constant current charging of the NiMH battery. Some NiCd batteries can be charged up to 4C rate. Terminated by the appropriate authority to avoid overloading harmful.

In nickel-based rechargeable batteries, the charging voltage rapid termination or temperature functions. Figure 1 show a typical peak voltage detection terminal voltage when the peak voltage of each cell in the range of 0 ~-4mV, fast charging is completed. Based on the temperature of the charge termination method is to observe the rapid rate of increase in battery temperature T / t for detecting fully charged. Typical T / t was 1 C / min. Dell Studio 1536 battery Dell Studio 1537 battery

For example, solar modules can be measured much outside the solar system collection. In this case, the sun itself will be the only practical test available light. For almost impossible to carry a set of solar simulator in the open without a complete test system turnkey, so this test requires the use made by the standard test equipment to improve some of the test solutions to bring implemented. Dell Vostro 1420 Screen Dell Vostro 1500 Screen

Outdoor test Another factor to consider is temperature. Because the battery performance will be affected by temperature, hence the need to monitor the temperature of the test. Battery performance depends not only on temperature and performance of test equipment is also dependent on temperature.

Many hardware vendors did not disclose their test equipment at room temperature in a very narrow range (eg 25 ℃ ± 5 ℃) until the performance. Other vendors will provide a specification temperature coefficient, can adjust the precision of the standard test equipment to work in their designated work to the outside temperature must be corrected.

Applicable to the increase in power load test

For high power applications, the electronic charge standard can be used to test solar cells. Many engineers do not believe that the use of electronic charge to test solar cells, because they are accustomed to using a turnkey system or power to all four quadrants. Dell Vostro 1510 Screen Dell Vostro 1520 Screen

In view of the solar cell will produce energy, power usage for the four quadrants test, the power models of actual work: solar cell terminals in the power of a positive voltage is applied. Meanwhile, the current quadrant solar cells provide power to the terminal, which means that the power to all four quadrants to show the reverse current (in terms of terminal). Under these conditions, can also be called four-quadrant power is “power Shen.

From electrical point of view, a positive voltage across Canada and a current flow (eg, the reverse current) of the instrument known as the electronic charge. Therefore, for most of the bright light and solar energy production of solar cells is tested, the four-quadrant power electronic loads in fact play a role.

The advantage of using the electronic load that the load can be used in a variety of courses and levels of power. The use of rating 50W or hundreds of thousands of watts and amps in the electronic charge, you can easily overcome the power four quadrant 3A, 20W limit. Dell Vostro 1536 Screen Dell Vostro 1537 Screen

Electronic load in constant voltage mode, also known as the CV mode. In the CV mode, the load can be adjusted by the current flowing through its own, and adjust the voltage to maintain constant tension. Therefore, CV can be used to create the voltage scan mode, use the load to control the output voltage of solar cells, and measuring the current generated.

Some of the load (such as Agilent N3300 Series) can quickly locate the implementation of a series of points to scan resume mode output voltage CV, which represents the IV curve quickly. Meanwhile, the burden of the solar cells can flow to the load current waveform of a digital oscilloscope curve is similar to the capture.

Draw control by scanning the CV of the voltage on the current wave of digital graphics, you can create the IV curve. And because it is obtained by rapid scanning, so the test can be completed in about one second when the battery is not yet a major source of light and heat and temperature changes occur. hp pavilion zv5000 battery hp pavilion zv6000 battery

However, many electronic loads are low voltage limits must load applied between the positive and negative input of the minimum operating voltage. Common charge minimum input voltage is 2 ~ e 3V. To circumvent this limitation, a DC power supply for the load series. The bias current is called power, because it provides a bias voltage of the load.

Generally, the power of polarization is set at 3V, ensure that still meet the minimum requirements of the charging voltage. DC voltage source has no effect on the solar cell, which is a floating voltage device; DC source only increase the tension of the solar cell 3V. hp pavilion dv9000 battery hp pavilion zd7000 battery

Solar industry growth increases the solar cells (and solar module) test solutions and measures, needs and increases the size of the solar cell efficiency, battery test requires the use of more current and higher power levels this requires a more flexible test equipment. Dell Studio 1737 Screen Dell Studio XPS 13 Screen

Often need to measure several key parameters of solar cells. These parameters are:

● VOC – open circuit voltage. In the current battery voltage is equal to 0.

● SAI – short-circuit. When the load resistance is equal to 0, the current of the battery.

● Pmax – maximum power of the battery. Maximum power output when the battery voltage and current values. Pmax point IV curve is often called the maximum power point (MPP).

● Vmax – in point of Pmax, the battery voltage.

● Imax – in point of Pmax, the battery current value.

● η – efficiency of the conversion device. When the solar cell connected to a circuit, this value is equal to the energy is converted (from absorbed sunlight into electricity) and the percentage of energy to collect. This can be input by dividing Pmax illuminance (E, the unit is W/m2, the standard measure under test conditions), then multiplied by the area of solar cells (AC units of square meters) calculated. Dell Studio XPS 16 Screen Dell Vostro 1000 Screen

● fill factor (FF)-P max divided by the VOC, then by the SAI.

● LED battery properties.

● the series resistance of the battery.

● shunt resistance of the battery (or shunt resistance).

Partner Solutions

Now, solar energy solutions test cells mainly in two forms: complete turn-key, universal testing machines.

If you need maximum output when the test solar cell research labs have many low-power four-quadrant power (sometimes also called EMS) and has the following characteristics:

● provide accurate voltage positive and negative (“offer” also called “put”).

● Provide accurate and current before reverse (for reverse current flow is also known as the current power).

● accurately measure the device under test (DUT) voltage and current (also known as the testing). Dell Vostro 1310 Screen Dell Vostro 1400 Screen

Most high-precision four-quadrant power, can provide the current 3A or 20W of continuous power.

Small single cells in the test, these currents and the maximum power is acceptable, but the battery technology for greater efficiency, greater power density and greater size of the advance of the battery power The battery power will soon exceed four quadrants the top ranking. The production of solar modules are usually more than 50W, and can climb to 300W or more, which means that many tests for the module can not be used to supplement diets with four quadrants. hp Pavilion dv7 battery hp 550 battery

In these cases, engineers should be prepared using a electronic load, DC power supplies, DMM, and data acquisition hardware, including temperature measurement, scanning, data conversion and mining equipment to operate in a wide range of flexibility for the single race, and achieve the desired accuracy. For example, you can use the data acquisition system to analyze the environment and the temperature of the device under test has been calibrated reference to battery voltage, and tests are to capture a variety of other parameters test.

Outdoor test

Some engineers use the solar equipment turnkey test battery for testing, the device uses a solar simulator, which is a standard light source, can be used to control the energy of light in solar cells. However, if a very large cells or solar modules, solar simulator will not be able to produce enough light. hp pavilion dv4 battery hp pavilion dv5 battery

Characteristics of the Ni-MH:

(1) Power and high mass ratio, the current commercial Ni-MH power can be 1350Wh/kg. Dell Inspiron 9300 Screen Dell Inspiron 9400 Screen

(2) cycle times and more: now used in car batteries nickel hydrogen, electric, 80% depth of discharge (DOD) cycle can be up to 1,000 times more than lead-acid batteries to more than 3 times. 100% DOD cycle life are more than 500 times. In the hybrid vehicle can be used more than 5 years.

(3) Own: no lead, cadmium and other harmful metals for the 21st century “green energy”.

(4) Resistance to overcharge and over discharge.

(5) No memory effect.

(6) Wide temperature range: normal temperature of -30 ~ 55 ℃, Storage temperature range of -40 ~ 70 ℃.

(7) Security, reliability: short, squeeze, acupuncture, safety valve, gout, heat, vibration and safety and the reliability of other tests not explosion phenomena combustion. Dell Inspiron E1405 Screen Dell Inspiron E1505 Screen

Thirdly, the main foreign producers of nickel hydrogen battery and the national situation

1. Production of Ni-MH by foreign companies

(1) Panasonic Energy Co., Ltd. (PEVE)

PEVE (Panasonic EV Energy Co., Ltd.) is a joint venture between Matsushita and Toyota. Panasonic batteries currently used in hybrid vehicles with Toyota Prius, Alphard, Estima, Honda Civic, Insight and so on.

Panasonic latest square battery electrode materials, reducing resistance and pressure to improve the reliability and durability, the main parameters, such as table 2 shows, their technical characteristics:

* That the power 1350W/kg;

* The introduction of new electrode materials significantly reduces the internal resistance;

* A new structure for battery connection;

* Significant increase in life expectancy;

* 15% reduction in the size of the battery box, weight loss of 25%. Dell Inspiron E1705 Screen Dell Inspiron Mini 10 Screen

(2) Cobasys

Cobasys is the Chevron Texaco TechnologyVenture (the second largest energy company in the U.S.) and ECD (EnergyConversion devices), a joint venture. Wholly owned ECD Ovonic, Ovonic NiMH batteries have much respect on the patent, the business world production of nickel-hydrogen battery for permission to produce and sell not only oCobasys technological research and development, and research and technology development for industrialization level. Cobasys specifically for the development of hybrid vehicles 8. 8Ah 1000 series battery module.

(3) Varta

Varta is Johnson Controls (JCI, Johnson Controls Inc.) Holdings, Johnson Controls are the world’s largest manufacturer of automotive batteries, Varta, based in Hannover, Germany. The company is a hybrid developed by use of nickel-metal hydride battery module main products is the 5 Series. 5Ah, 8Ah, 12Ah; square 7Ah module 25Aho square module that is better than similar products on the market: low internal resistance, quality, high specific power (1300W/kg), the mass ratio of high energy and low temperature performance is good. Compaq presario CQ40 battery Compaq presario CQ45 battery

2. Research and development of nickel-hydrogen batteries internal

Ni-MH internal major manufacturers are: Chunlan (Group) Company, Tianjin Peace Bay, Zhongshan, China Ju Schönlein, Shenzhou, technology, three general in Shenyang. They were “863″ accumulation, technological progress was the right decision, even if the technical specifications of individual cells and abroad not vary that much, but consistency and life cycle of the poor abroad, especially after the integration goals were very different. Institutions battery domestic R & D and production companies are still there is a cash deficit, mainly due to not Donglidianchi Xingchengchanye, Gong Yi Da production Bufen Haishi Shougongzuoye; OEM requirements Qiju Hengao right battery, but the demand Bu large, the two mutual restraint. Compaq presario C700 battery

IV Conclusion

In this paper, hybrid car batteries on the power requirements, battery status and development trends, analysis of characteristics of the technology of nickel-hydrogen batteries, performance and presented the domestic and foreign producers hydrogen fuel cells are mainly nickel situation. In the current stage of development of hybrid vehicles, nickel metal hydride batteries battery selection is ideal. With the market for hybrid cars due to the price of NiMH batteries will drop, the nickel hydrogen battery to a bright future. Compaq Tablet PC TC1100 battery

With awareness of the environment of mankind, gradually reducing the resources of oil, oil prices will increase gradually, reducing car emissions and saving energy has become the world governments are faced with problems serious. Battery technology and hydrogen extraction, transportation, storage, cost of electric vehicles and severely constrained the development of fuel cell vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and thus emerged. In hybrid vehicles, because of the high power energy storage devices (batteries, super capacitors and other) to Neng Qijutigong Instant Nengliang Er Chicun engine can reduce the efficiency and reduce emissions and consumption Ranyou and can Zaijinhangzhi activity and recovery of energy from deceleration. Quality heavy lead-acid batteries, deep cycle costs can not fast, short life cycle, the lithium-ion high performance poor, high prices and security issues, is still not suitable for development hybrid vehicles. The Ni-MH with high power ratings, the current charge and discharge large, clean, safe performance and good features, widely used in hybrid cars. Dell Inspiron 1720 Screen Dell Inspiron 1721 Screen

1, the hybrid vehicle battery to the power of its main objectives

1. On the power requirements of battery

Generally refers to a larger battery capacity and the ability to output power, can be used as an electric vehicle, power drive vehicle with two batteries. In general, car battery for hybrid cars that frequent shallow charge and discharge cycles. In the process of charge-discharge voltage and current can have a greater change. Characteristics of such use, the hybrid battery system as a result, special requests:

(1) Ability to discharge high volume ratio: the mass ratio of power and battery power is a measure of rapid charge and discharge capacity of the index, a relative in the specific energy needs energy needs of hybrid vehicles higher contrast.

(2) The charge-discharge efficiency: The energy cycle battery should charge – discharge – charge cycle, the high charge-discharge efficiency is critical to the role of vehicle efficiency.

(3) The relative stability: Battery must be quick and discharge process conditions change to maintain charge-discharge performance under conditions of relative stability, its use in terms of the power system to achieve sufficient charge and discharge cycles. Dell Inspiron 6000 Screen Dell Inspiron 6400 Screen

2. The main indicator of the vehicle battery

Technology assessment of hybrid electric vehicles, the battery indicator in the vehicle is as follows:

(1) weight / mass of power (W / kg): representative of the battery per kilogram of the quality of the battery can provide energy. Its size determines the maximum output power of the battery can, marking an acceleration of the car and speed, the dynamic performance of electric vehicles, etc., have a direct impact. In the hybrid electric vehicle, battery specific factor is most crucial, because the battery has failed in the operating conditions of the motor can be recharged. Dell Inspiron 910 Screen Dell Inspiron 9200 Screen

(2) the mass specific energy (Wh / kg): marks the continuation of electric mode driving ability.

(3) cycles: battery is a constant charge – discharge – charge – discharge cycle, each charge and discharge time, the chemicals of the battery that would occur in a reversible chemical reaction. With the increasing number of charge and discharge battery of chemical aging occurs, and gradually reduce its chemical characteristics, low battery power and efficiency of discharge, and finally partial or complete loss of its charge and discharge functions. cycle of the battery is a measure of how many important indicators of the life of the battery on the battery has a direct impact. Compaq presario CQ70 battery Compaq presario R4000 battery

(4) Cost: The cost of batteries and batteries for the technical content of new materials, production methods and scale of production is connected with this newly developed high-power battery that the cost of power higher.

Secondly, the characteristics of the nickel-hydrogen battery

Currently, the developed world, the performance of the battery main power shown in Table 1.

The nickel metal hydride nickel hydroxide positive and negative use of hydrogen-iron alloys. The Ni-MH without pollution, high specific energy, high power, fast charge and discharge, sustainability, and many outstanding features. In comparison with lead-acid batteries, nickel metal hydride battery with high specific energy, light weight, small size, characteristics of long-life batteries and nickel-ho over the specific energy is twice the batteries nickel-cadmium. Another advantage is that NiMH batteries do not contain cadmium, lead and toxic metals such as some metals have a high recovery value, can be called green energy. Compaq presario CQ50 battery Compaq presario CQ60 battery

Introduction

With the explosive growth in the digital industry, the market appears more and more high-tech digital products, which are inseparable from rechargeable batteries, especially NiMH rechargeable battery is the main varieties of the high capacity battery been in communications, transport and electricity to be widely used, then it is most commonly used other intelligent devices spare battery, and battery chargers can not do without in this report describes a composition based on discrete components, Automatic constant current battery charging circuit, focuses on the composition of the circuit, structural characteristics, operating principle and control circuits. B150XG02 B154EW01 B154EW02

One of the design ideas of circuits

Simple automatic constant current battery charging circuit diagram of the whole figure 1. This is a transformer rectifier circuit, the circuit current generation circuit, automatic power off, the display circuit and power supply circuit 5 parts.

Transforming function of the rectifier circuit is the public power grid in the area 220 is converted into signals suitable current and voltage to provide signals for the circuit later. Constant current generating circuit function is the use of the transistor current source circuit generates a constant current charge. Auto-off function of the circuit is used when the flow characteristics of the transistor saturation voltage, to reach the circuit when the battery is fully charged can automatically shut off. Function display circuit is to use light-emitting diodes will start charging circuit and the end of the charging status is displayed. Regulated power supply circuit function is to provide all the voltage of the circuit above. B154EW04 V.7 B154EW04 V.1 B154EW03

1.1 The transformer rectifier circuit and power circuit design

Rectifier circuit transformer and power circuit which includes a transformer, Diode Bridge circuits, as capacitors. A transformer with the transformer core conventional and the public power grid in an area 220 V AC 12 V, and through a bridge circuit rectifier diodes and filter capacitor C1. rectified signal leads VC1. On this basis, were followed by three terminal regulator CW7812 and capacitors C3, C4, then the entire circuit in the form of electrical power. Provided by B +12 V DC voltages.

1.2 Constant current circuit

Figure 3, the source controller VZ1, transistors VT1, resistor R1, capacitor C2 form a transistor under way to provide a constant current, to take control of the voltage regulator 5 V, R1 is 51 Ω, then IC ≈ 1OO mA, as a circuit load current. B154EW04 B154EW08 B154EW08 V.1

1.3 circuit design circuit automatic load sensing and indicating

As shown in Figure 4 circuit, feeder circuit compensation is a transistor VT2, voltage follower A1, A2 comparison voltage resistor R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R11 and variable resistor RP1 form. When charging starts, the comparator output voltage is high, VT2 turn, also activate VT1, LED indicator for charging the battery. Can first set the switch to 1, a battery, switch 2-2 batteries, and so on, to make the section 1-4 of the battery. When the device is full, the comparator output low voltage at the end of VT2, VT1 does not rotate, the light is off, the load is finished

2 circuit diagram and simple charger components of the complete list

2.1 Summary of total circuit schematic charger sony vgp-bps10a sony vgp-bps10a/b

Simple charging circuit for automatic battery constant current circuit in Figure 5. This is a transformer rectifier circuit, the circuit for generating current, the circuit load sensing, display circuitry and power supply circuit 5 parts. Note that the total circuit in the circuit is the link between the various modules must be precisely the same time, the provision of different parties to be reasonable.

2.2 List of components

3 Conclusion

This article describes a simple automatic constant current battery charging circuit has a simple circuit, functional, fit and convenient for fans to produce their own radio and students of vocational training in electronics. sony vgp-bps13b/b sony vgp-bps10