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(2) Unloading operations are in the first two specific time periods, the starting time of only 97A @ h battery voltage <1.700V, while the total voltage> 170.00V (power supplies continue to meet at that time), the end times the total voltage = 170.00V Discharge (battery end of time). MH-19 Nikon EN-EL3e Charger

In this particular time of the battery 97A @ h run in the state against the landfill, and the remaining 99 h · Battery 100A is still pending in the range safe.

Both the objective existence of a special period of time is bound to have the following questions, namely,

(1) the real difference between the system and in this case is simply the difference in size of capacity, while the ability of the size difference is only a time to change the length, does not the existence of a particular time; this case, the task battery, without exception, it is indeed the inherent security risks, shows the damage the battery and battery incidents intrinsic relationship between inevitable.

(2) good equipment, precise control and can not prevent cell damage occurs, but this overcharging and over discharge to be covered by all operations safely, quantitative terms, the proportion of only 1% of the damage, injury time less than 3%.

(3), of course, an injury rate of 1% or 3% of the damage is not enough time on the emergency power system for security threat, at best, a micro-injury, but as long as the emergency power system were repeated charge and discharge, will be repeated micro-injury. In other words, full of micro-damage process of the current system of backup power in the whole process. Nikon EN-EL4 Charger Sony NP-BG1 Charger

(4) The origin of differences of micro-lesions in the parameters of the cell, a micro-lesions of the original structure of the consequences of damage to the battery and storage capacity to decline, which will further increase the differences between individual cells, this may be the next cause micro-injury, it is clear that there is a vicious circle of mutual causality, one can reasonably infer that the consequences of cell damage in a second process of micro-damage deepening to the extension of the battery is fully valid failure time process may change as the operating conditions change, but there must be injured several times until after the failure of the worsening the situation, the inevitable result.

1.4 Fracture mechanics model of the analog

To understand the image of the field is the electric heater caused by the sudden rupture of a mechanism for micro-mechanical damage of the fields can be used to make a simple fracture model of analogy: a battery, like a mechanical plate spring (spring);

The parameters of each battery cell group differences, similar to the heterogeneity in the section of Spring; Sony NP-FC10 Charger Sony NP-FC11 Charger

battery charge and discharge of the average, similar to spring load to full load;

Monomer charge and discharge voltage and discharge voltage limit of the ratio of the cross section of a leaf spring similar to the actual load and limit load factor compared to the overload.

In this way, the battery in the local load and discharge, similar to the spring at full load loading local load (ie, stress concentrations)

The local overcharging and over discharging caused by micro injury, similar to the source under partial overload micro cracks;

Batteries superimposed successive injuries, similar to the fracture in the gradual expansion of leaf springs wounded

Finally, because the only battery failure caused by a sudden failure, similar to micro-cracks gradually extend the lead to sudden rupture of the spring.

Overall, the above analogy reflects the sudden failure of the battery must be classified as “fault” model, while the lack of proper training early warning system, the battery of this type of breakdown time ” presence of failure, with the spring time of the event as a sharp break with the unpredictability. vgp-bps9 vgp-bps9/s vgp-bps9/b

2 Damage Remains

Damage in the footsteps of the damage theory to solve the battery is a major new engineering concept. cellular damage caused by changes in various physical measurements can be repeated, can be compared with each other traces of the dominant damage of repeated measures are not directly damage the footsteps of the invisible. Obviously, the traces of the dominant features of injury and the introduction of this article describes the three best features of early warning parameters are, therefore, found traces of obvious injury is the same as finding the best parameters early warning.

2.1 The main physical injury on micro-changes of the discussion

2.1.1 Temperature

Theory and experiment show that was put in charge of non-current normal cause fever battery short term, but there is a local load and discharge end of time, the battery temperature returns to normal. Thus, while the battery temperature is not necessarily normal, but the heat will be distributed, the temperature can not be kept permanently. vgp-bps5a vgp-bps8 vgp-bps8a

Introduction

Battery backup power to emergency supply system failure is a major risk to security, how to prevent a sudden failure of the battery is a maintenance technology of the battery in a challenge. At the moment, the battery showed an unexpected failure in the unpredictable nature of battery failure warning technology to study the driving force. The key to reaching the battery fault warning is to find the best parameters of early warning, of course, the parameters of early warning should be better to have three characteristics, namely the lack of high correlation of the battery may be repeated measure nature of comparability. Canon NB-5L Charger Canon NB-6L Charger

Battery aging theory is to guide the design of the battery and manufacture and improve the theoretical basis, but the theory of aging primarily for the integrity of the battery, but a battery failure is the main difference on the battery The battery aging theory does not apply to batteries sudden failure analysis of hair, it does great performance in a variety of battery failure on the idea of early warning program. A variety of practical engineering of existing programs, both program voltage single voltage or current loop + alone program or programs or fast program high intensity discharge test capabilities, are all parameters Implicit in battery capacity as a warning, but in fact, neither have the battery capacity of direct, repeated measurements (for example, to test the ability of periodic discharge), or with repeated measurement of indirect (by for example, by measuring the voltage or the computing capacity of resistance). Theory of aging of the battery to the battery warning ideas on the chains of the urgent need to review the battery from a perspective of new security measures in order to find the best early warning parameters established theoretical basis is the theory of cell damage must be resolved.

A mechanism of cell damage Canon NB-7L Charger Canon NB-8L Charger

1.1 The definition of battery damage

Interpretation of “over-charging or battery discharge harmful,” the caution common to others: over charge or discharge current will cause the reaction energy storage outside the irreversible electrochemical reaction, this conception is linked outside the irreversible damage response capacity storage battery power structures existing. This can damage the batteries as follows: “a battery against overload and lower structure and storage capacity can be caused by damage to natural regeneration. ”

Superficially, this definition of aging theories and battery and battery application of common sense is not significantly different, however, the definition would lead naturally to two questions really significant:

A) a practice of art in the current standard to avoid damaging the battery, it?

2) damage to the battery, the battery has left, what kind of reproducible measurements can be compared to each other physical changes? nikon EN-EL4 charger MH-18

1.2 “Sound of the current system standard” defined

Battery failure can come from human error, equipment failure can come of these reasons are not cell injuries learning theory, the theory of cell damage is more concerned about the inevitability of failure battery itself.

As to exclude all factors other than interest, first necessary to define a “good of the current standard system.” A good system of existing standards should include at least: one of the technical indicators are fully qualified food real, a point of order by the only qualified in accordance with the battery connected real well with qualified management and the maintenance staff in the implementation of a rigorous maintenance procedures, in a word that should be faultless, but in reality it is a standard system.

Thus, with such a good place existing battery of standard system damage?

1.3 overcharging local monomer and discharge (single micro-damage)

A battery in terms of volume between the monomers must exist some small differences in order to facilitate the analysis and the calculation assumes a particular case with the following specifications: vgp-bps13 vgp-bps13a/b vgp-bps13b/b

1) Parameters for 100 × 2V battery, the nominal capacity

100A @ h, in which an actual capacity of 97A @ h, the actual capacity of the 99 remaining 100A @ h;

2) The parameters of voltage mode control loop closed classic, which are full voltage conversion agreement 240.00V = float (implementation error = 0, single = 2.400V), voltage control termination shock 170.00V = (implementation error = 0, monomer = 1.700V).

The system is running all the time between charge and discharge, there will be two moments, that is

(1) are sufficient to execute the first set in the specified time period, the start time of only 97A @ h battery voltage> 2.400V, while the total tension <240.00V (food will continue to charge at this time ), its end time to the total voltage = 240.00V (this time, provide adequate food and proper implementation of the float switch).

According to the definition of cellular damage, 97A · time hours battery life in the special tax to the blocked state, while the remaining 99 h · Battery 100A is executed in a safe range. vgp-bps9a vgp-bps9a/b VGP-BPS13/S

Concept was popular sautéed low-carbon, the decline of the traditional car, people in the coming era of highly anticipated electric car. Let Beijing International Motor Show this year in April or May of the High-Tech Expo, electric vehicles have played an important role, many car companies have said that independent research and development of pure electric vehicles already on the market or soon will be, as the core component of the battery is used by many institutions and investors optimistic. toshiba PA3400U-1BRS toshiba PA3420U-1BRS

However, if many battery electric vehicles will become a burden on the environment? Geometric money for car battery? The future of electric car battery How to develop? These problems have been increasingly concerned.

Pollution of the lead-acid battery is serious

Case of car batteries, the first thought is no doubt lead battery acid. Yang Yu-Sheng Chinese Academy of Engineering was established: “150 years of experience in lead-acid battery is not fading in Nickel – cadmium, nickel – hydrogen, batteries lithium new ion battery was launched several years ago, still hold a strong market share, our e-bikes per year around 20 million, most with lead-acid batteries and a variety of diesel throughout the world, everyone is a piece of lead-acid batteries, it is no coincidence.”

Lead-acid battery with its mature technology, low cost, high-security benefits of popular support of many car manufacturers, power applications in electric vehicles as a huge market share. But it contains sulfuric acid and lead, it is garbage in one of the most dangerous to the environment a huge pollution problems. Blacksmith Foundation environmental group, said one day: 10 in the world of the most polluting, one of which is the error caused by the removal of lead-acid batteries. toshiba PA3421U-1BRS toshiba PA3450U-1BRS

If China is everywhere to see the electric bike, the battery on most of its lead-acid batteries. battery electric bike is a consumer product, an average of about one year to be replaced by 1. Insiders have revealed that: the remains of lead acid battery current, basically, you can determine the effectiveness of repairs after the new battery for more than 80 percent, effective repair second were more than 50 percent after three no maintenance after the value of the repair. For any brand of electric vehicle batteries, lead acid, and can still be restored, thanks to special technology of repair, re-entered using, the total damage to lead-acid batteries can be repaired, recovered by an advance of qualified marketing and zinc, lead refining regenerated. But this recovery is not always good. There are many recycling activities are illegal, they recovered to lead acid batteries do not have the conditions stored in the open space or a warehouse, there is no qualification process, which causes much waste and waste emissions lead to large scale.

Yu-Sheng Yang stressed that the lead pollution of the environment, mainly in the rear of the merger and the regeneration of the battery. The question is whether the relevant ministries seriously. Lead-acid battery production process control and management of lead contamination must be strengthened. toshiba PA3475U-1BRS toshiba PA3476U-1BRS

The high cost of lithium-ion

Compared to lead acid batteries, rechargeable lithium-ion battery with power and energy density, conversion efficiency, long life, lightweight, non-polluting, self-discharge coefficient is small, a wide temperature adaptation of the benefits of electric vehicle battery has become the direction of development. But its high cost, has become the leader of the lithium-ion electric vehicle markets of the kinetic energy of contention.

Shenzhen Ark Electric Vehicle Co., an employee on the ground at the China Joint Business Daily “, said the market for pure electric vehicles is now common to lithium iron phosphate, for example, a lithium iron phosphate 72V / 150AH provides up to 40,000 yuan and even lead-acid batteries offer only a million, the price disadvantage of lithium ion is evident. Sony vgp-bps13a/b battery Sony vgp-bps13b/b battery

And because the battery life is low replacement cost is very high. Most domestic manufacturers of lithium batteries are now one year warranty period without a lithium battery, high quality and free of charge warranty period is only two to three years. Thus, a very ordinary performance of electric vehicles, the cost of the battery should be 80 000-10000000, if two or three years after the consumers have to replace the batteries at their own expense, the cost will be enormous.

Vehicle batteries to test

The current high cost has limited the development of the electric automobile industry an important factor. The cost of electric vehicles including the costs of vehicles and the use of the prime cost. vehicle batteries, which cost about half the cost, while the use of electric vehicles is less than the cost of fuel for cars. Therefore, the cost of the battery down, rent the battery business model innovation is the key to the industrialization of electric vehicles. Sony vgp-bps13 battery Sony vgp-bps13/s battery

The life cycle of the battery after arrival, the recycling of waste batteries to prevent further pollution of the environment is imperative. Countries should increase their recycling of used batteries in place policies or regulations, and operational management of the implementation details, the services of environmental protection at all levels, scientific research units and conversion to improve collaboration, early R & D results into productive forces are truly realize reduction of waste batteries, harmless and resources.

Energy Engineering Research Center, Tianjin University, Director of spinel Media, said: Overall, a good development prospects of the battery, but the market is still weak, take a moment away from the real industry. battery business to really get bigger and stronger, but also resist the industrial scale, large-scale investment in R & D and foreign giants squeeze test. sony vgp-bps11 sony vgp-bpl11