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The future of fuel cell power is becoming very efficient, clean energy source. Compared to conventional energy sources today, fuel cell has many advantages noted. The fuel cell comes from a renewable resource can be extracted from a number of elements: hydrogen. The conversion of hydrogen into electricity without pollution, the traditional method of electricity generation not only need to use non-renewable fuels, would cause pollution. These characteristics are fuel cells as future automotive, commercial, residential, mobile and many other electrical applications, many possible causes of the energy of the two most important. NF343 G1947

Currently, National Instruments (National Instruments, NI called) offers a number of computer-based test and measurement products to assist scientists and engineers to conduct research on fuel cells, design, verification and testing production. NI is the worldwide leader in software based on the measure, most major manufacturers of fuel cells are at various stages of development using NI hardware and software tools to test the fuel cell. These test tools in many types of fuel cell production and testing are essential, including proton exchange membrane (PEM), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) and solid oxide fuel cells solid (SOFC).

Systems integrator NI – is located in Calgary, Canada Advanced Measurements has computer test using NI measurement products and automation, has developed a line of PEM and SOFC fuel cell test system for the design, validation and product testing. RN873 Y6142

What is a fuel cell?

All the basics of working fuel cells is the same: the chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity. He has developed several types of fuel cell technology. In addition to PEM, PAFC and SOFC, there are alkaline fuel cell (AFC) fuel cells and molten carbonate (MC). PEM fuel cells because of their relatively low operating temperature and greater efficiency is widely used in the automotive industry. Figure 3 shows the PEM fuel cell works.

Because a single cell can produce more than 1V of voltage, most applications require multiple stacks. The same as normal cells by a number of series fuel cell stack is to achieve greater power. Some of the fuel cell that contains thousands of individual cells, to produce vehicles, commercial and industrial applications requiring high voltage and high current. hp Pavilion dv2000 battery  hp Pavilion dv6000 battery

System testing fuel cell

In research and development (R & D) applications for testing fuel cells is to determine and optimize the efficiency of the function, and prolong battery life and ruggedness. In the validation phase, the main objective is to optimize the design to prepare for mass production, as well as in the case without diminishing the effectiveness of reducing the cost of the battery. For manufacturing applications, the stack trace is to ensure they meet design specifications. Research, development or manufacture of the fuel cell scientists and engineers need a variety of measurement, monitoring, analysis and visualization tools to evaluate and validate fuel cell technology.

Fuel cell systems for the test should accurately monitor and control hundreds of measures, ranging from hydrogen fuel flow, temperature, pressure and humidity on the output voltage of fuel cells and current . The test system must be able to monitor and control the operation of fuel cells in all cases, and access accurate real-time performance and operating characteristics of such information. The test system must also have the possibility of data acquisition, monitoring and control capability to precisely control the labor and fuel cell testing. Figure 4 shows that Advanced Measurements developed for the system to solid oxide fuel cell test. hp Pavilion DV1000 battery  hp Pavilion dv4000 battery

Engineers are constantly new methods to the test in their constant search for reliable, accurate test systems using flexible and shorten the development cycle, improve quality and reduce costs, develop the next generation fuel cell.

Measurement Problems

Fuel cell systems have the test to complete the packaging needs of measurement signals, then the original signal from the data acquisition system capable of scanning. cell fuel cell is an important element of the test isolate. Each cell can produce about 1 volt in a PEM films stacked together to provide a higher voltage, so that the battery voltage up to 10 volts. high-capacity battery stack with hundreds to hundreds of volts discharge requirements measure of common mode voltage. Therefore, the test should not only have multiple channels are able to read 1-10 volts, but also need to maintain the reactor power first and last up to several hundred volts isolation between the battery . system testing fuel cells as the number of channels 100-1000 more so the data acquisition system must also be able to develop. These systems also require signal attenuation and can be expanded. For today’s test systems, modular is also required. Your system must be able to check the production and technological change and transformation. Any test system should be calibrated to ensure an accurate and effective. Inspiron 8600 battery Inspiron 9200 battery

The above principles can clearly see that not only monitor the voltage to determine the characteristics of fuel cells and the control of fuel cells. Must also control the output current. Because the output current can be very high, so often used to monitor the Hall sensor, so that engineers can safely monitor the current through the wire. This method requires that the signal conditioning and calibration to transform the data to the current value. PEM fuel cell to another important parameter is temperature. To produce electricity efficiently, PEM fuel cells should be 60-80 ° C (140-175 ° F) in the range. The goal is to optimize the temperature changes the temperature monitor, improve the power output. Thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTD) is to monitor the battery temperature and good temperature probe gas. In many applications, the higher air pressure, this pressure must be controlled and managed. Pressure through the signal conditioning pressure sensor to measure and conduct, hydrogen and air flow is proportional to the general use of air mass flow pulses measured. Thereafter, the pulse counter / timer interface board to control and use the software to convert the traffic. Electronic controller can rig output voltage or current to control the pressure and flow. Inspiron 9300 battery Inspiron 9400 battery

(2) circuit failure

Figure 3 shows the first series circuit after the failure occurred in parallel systems, assuming that B2 is a failure of the circuit, as shown in Figure 7. Group B can see all the batteries lose their role, which makes all the other load cells was increased. The process of recharging the battery will allow other more charge current, parallel groups with high current charging at least the most serious causes the battery to rapid decay. The battery in the actual application process often open circuit failure of the phenomenon, thus after the first series parallel connection is not suitable for the compound of the battery, in particular the number of cells in series is much larger than the number of parallel battery applications. Latitude D610 battery Latitude D620 battery

Figure 4 shows the first set of complex systems in parallel circuit failure occurs, assuming that B2 open circuit failure occurs, as shown in Figure 8. Only the first two groups can be seen in other cells appear broader phenomenon of ongoing work, due to the battery in the application process, particularly in large batteries, the battery serial number is greater than The number of batteries in parallel. Therefore, the battery, assuming the battery 5 and the other four individual cells operating income will be 1.25 times the original. Large batteries generally use the modular structure to replace the failed module is also a parallel process of economic module. If the number and then the rest of the work of the current trend small battery such as battery 10 and the ongoing changes in the work of only 1.1 times the original. Battery management system, and because generally there is the system voltage sensing of the battery itself, it can effectively prevent the overloading of individual cells. Latitude D820 battery Latitude D830 battery

View of the failure analysis of open circuit, the first series of parallel system is better than the parallel system after the first series. Especially in large scale modular battery, the first set of batteries in parallel easier to maintain and low cost.

(3) the failure of the simple ability to rapid decomposition

As the performance of changes in individual cells, or the self-discharge rate higher than other batteries, resulting in one capacity of the battery as the other batteries. Then the system after the first series parallel hybrid, the charging process, because this part of the battery voltage is low, led the group in the range of most other battery charge level load and the number of the series. The other series, the other the higher the level of battery charge. The referral process, the battery voltage is low, leading to excessive discharge. If you put in a management system to protect the battery, then the series in the group have been banned all battery discharge, thereby reducing battery capacity. However, if the battery capacity and battery capacity among other more, and the management system does not discharge protection, will appear in the discharge of the battery of anti-polar phenomenon, which is lack of short-circuit. Inspiron 630m battery Inspiron 640m battery

For the first series of complex systems in parallel, like other batteries in parallel to charge the battery, so that the capacity of batteries and other differences will be diluted by other cells in parallel. The more parallel, show the failure of this phenomenon is not clear.

From the above analysis, the first series of parallel systems for the fracture behavior of individual cells to self-regulating capacity is better than the first series after the parallel system. The battery in actual use, due to a higher incidence of shock that causes a failure of the failure of the circuit connection and further the capacity for self-discharge of a rapid failure large. For these two failures, the first series of parallel systems is much better than the first series after the parallel system. And the more parallel, the greater the impact of this failure. But also within the chain of applications of the battery, the first series after the parallel system is also the failure of one A1008 A1012 A1022 battery short-circuit and reduce the battery voltage, so that the first set of system in parallel with the great advantage.

3 Conclusion

Login lithium-ion battery is becoming an important research now points in the options simple battery capacity of the battery also need to refer to connections. Reliability of the battery and the side out of power after the first set of parallel complex better than the first series after the parallel complex, but the failure mode of short circuit on the first parallel existence of certain security issues. Actual use, you can combine with PTC after the first series of complex parallel systems to improve A1060 A1061 A1078 battery performance.

With the large lithium-ion battery pack widely used, the battery connection is now being investigated. Systems such as electricity storage, battery electric vehicles and other large energy needs of the large battery if the battery is more than two monomers of series and parallel to meet, and how Log in to become a problem. Combination of the main battery necessary to examine the reliability of the battery, battery failure on battery and so on. Vostro 1000 battery Inspiron 510m battery

This lithium-ion battery based on actual usage of the application through the mode of failure of individual cells on the battery connection to a variety of complex performance analysis.

1, analysis of the reliability of the battery serial and parallel

The probability of a work item that the reliability of this component, a system can function as the probability that the system reliability [1]. We have formed a unit of any system failure leading to system failure of the system are called a series system. The system consists of n parts in a composition, that when all these non-n components, the system was inefficient, we have called a parallel system. And in a number of series and parallel systems in series or parallel to, called the composite system [2]. Inspiron 600m battery Latitude D500 battery

In the composite system, there is first a number of units in series to form sub-systems, and then to form the different subsystems in parallel series – parallel system in Figure 3. For the method of composite system reliability requirements, can be obtained, the reliability of the various sub-systems in series, these sub-systems in parallel, find the system reliability. Another is the number of units in parallel to form the first subsystem and interconnected to form the different subsystems and – Series system shown in Figure 4. For such a complex system reliability can be obtained, the reliability of parallel subsystems, these subsystems together and find the system reliability.

You can see the calculation above, the first connection of the series parallel system reliability should be greater than the first series after the parallel situation. Alongside the first series, the reliability of the system reliability than single, and after the first series of parallel system reliability from the reliability of individual cells, so that the battery as much as possible in the process of combining query in parallel with the first series of the form. Latitude D505 battery Latitude D510 battery

2, serial and not parallel in the benefits of the battery

battery failures are usually three [3]: (1) Failure of short-circuit, (2) circuit failure, (3) the failure of the capacity fading fast.

Cause a short circuit fault caused by a short circuit in a single cell or anti-polarity leading to circuit failure due to a single cellular damage, the battery connections, reasons such as out of vibration This has led to rapid degradation of capacity due to a failure of the single cell performance decay rapidly or because of self-discharge rate is higher than other batteries. The probability of occurrence, failure less likely to short-circuit, while the vibrations caused by disconnected and the rate of self-discharge between the phenomena, in practice more often. Latitude D520 battery Latitude D600 battery

(1) Failure of short-circuit

The reason for the failure to connect your batteries are discussed. In case of failure of short-circuit, as shown in Figure 3, after the first series hybrid parallel system, assuming that the battery short-circuit failure B2 monomer, in Figure 5. This connection can be seen any safety problem in terms of tension, only the group a higher voltage than Group B, then it will appear in Group A Group B battery discharge of the battery case. late charge in the battery, there will be relative to group B has developed a process of recharging batteries. overload level determined as the number of series, the serial number, the greater the degree of overcharging smaller. By the end of discharge at the time, there will be group B battery discharge phenomenon, and even more the number of battery channels on the discharge of the battery of group B at the lower level. Thus, such a connection failure in the short-circuit, the group B there are abuses of the battery. But as the number of larger series, this slight abuse of the performance of the battery will not cause obvious harm. Especially in charge of all ages the system, the method will greatly increase system reliability. ThinkPad T61 battery ThinkPad T61p battery

Figure 4 shows the first set of complex systems in parallel, the B2 case of failure of short-circuit, as shown in Figure 6. B2 can be considered a short circuit, will result in a short circuit A2, high-current discharge. It would be very dangerous, but because a failure of internal short circuit short circuit the battery while the other is the phenomenon of individual cells against extremes. It can be seen in parallel if the first series by the way, they should appear the phenomenon of anti-pole, single cells are also anti-polar A2, there does not appear, only one battery against a very dangerous result. The inside of individual cells to fail short circuit caused by a short circuit will be the biggest problem with this connection will have a larger discharge current, which causes a lot of heat occurs. ThinkPad X61 battery ThinkPad X61s battery

Thus, after the failure of short-circuit the parallel connection first series is the result of a slight abuse of other cells. While the first series of parallel connection is the result of the failure of the battery occurred in parallel with battery discharge current, security problems, so it needs measures to prevent the current phenomenon high. As the PTC materials can be used to limit the production of high current or short-circuit the battery switch circuit for a change, but this led to greater complexity and cost. The modular design of the battery for the first series of parallel connection is easier to replace and repair, because the battery is generally always greater than the number of batteries in series the number of batteries in parallel. And because individual cells in parallel can reduce the conflict, the improvement of the life cycle of the 40Y6799 battery.